INTRODUCTION:

Figure 1: Herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have been reported since ancient Greek times 1, 2. During the 20^th century, the clinical manifestations of these infections were broadly reported in the medical literature. In particular, life-threatening disease, such as neonatal HSV infections and herpes simplex encephalitis, appeared in the literature for the first time in the 1930s. Several fundamental early observations provide the basis for today’s understanding of HSV. First, once infected, an individual can have recurrences in spite of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (leading to the recognition that the virus establishes latency and may recur upon various provocative stimuli to produce disease). Second, the differentiation between HSV-1 and HSV-2 was clearly recognized. Historically, HSV-1 was associated with infection above the belt, namely the mouth and eye, whereas HSV-2 was attributed to infections below the belt, specifically genital herpes. However, in contemporary times, there is significant overlap between the sites of HSV infection with an ever-increasing proportion of genital herpes caused by HSV-1. In the US, over 50% of adults are seropositive for HSV-1 and about 15% of those who are sexually active are infected by HSV-2. Infections caused by these viruses are, for the most part, benign. Third, person-to-person transmission, particularly in boarding houses and among sexual partners, was reported.

Only toward the end of the 20^th century was there a ballooning of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, virulence, and fundamentals of latent infection. The application of two important tools allowed major insights into pathogenesis, namely type-specific serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, antiviral therapy, particularly acyclovir, became routinely available, marking the beginning of the management of HSV disease. During the 21^st century, important new observations relevant to the pathogenesis have been identified. Furthermore, the identification of novel antiviral approaches as well as the application of contemporary technology, such as CRISPR/Cas9, should prove of value moving forward. This review will summarize advances which have been realized within the past several years and outline promising future approaches to prevent and decrease HSV-mediated disease.

· DEFINATION:

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a DNA virus related to CMV Epstein – Barr virus and varicella virus, and is among the most prevalent of all viral infections encountered by human.

· Pathophysiology :

There are two serologic subtypes of HSV, HSV-1 and HSV-2 Three quarters of neonatal herpes infections are secondary to HSV-2 with the remainder caused by HSV-1.

HSV infection of the neonate can be acquired intrauterine intrapartum or postnatal most infections are acquired in intrapartum periods as ascending infections with rupture membranes or by delivery through an infected cervix or vagina.

· TYPES:

There are two main types of HSV:

1. Simplex Herpes virus type 1

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most common Trusted Source form of HSV. Due to its constant presence worldwide, the medical community considers HSV-1 to be an endemic disease HSV-1 typically leads to oral herpes, as the vast majority Trusted Source of HSV-1 cases affect the mouth and its surrounding area. However, it is possible for HSV-1 to affect other areas of the body, such as the genitals.

HSV-1 often develops during childhood and is a lifelong condition. It can spread through non-sexual contact with saliva, such as kissing.

2. Herpes simplex virus type 2

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) spreads through sexual contact and is a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI).

HSV-2 typically leads to genital herpes, which means that symptoms usually develop around the genital and anal areas. It is also a lifelong condition, and symptoms only appear during flare-ups.

SYMPTOMS:

It is common for a person with HSV to have no noticeable symptoms. However, even without having symptoms, a person can still pass the virus on to someone else.

The symptoms of herpes gladiatorum vary from person to person. HSV-1 can enter any part of the body, and the infection can be particularly dangerous if it develops in the eyes.

Symptoms tend to become evident within 8 days of the virus entering the body. They can include:

· A fever

· Swollen gland

· A sore throat

· Sores or blisters, which can be painful

· A tingling sensation in the affected area

· A headache

CAUSES:

Both types of HSV develop as a result of direct contact with the virus.

HSV-1 most commonly Trusted Source spreads through oral-to-oral contact, which can be with sores, saliva, or the area around the mouth. Transmission may also occur due to sharing lip balm, a toothbrush, or any other product that has come into contact with HSV.

People have a much higher risk of contracting HSV-1 if they come into contact with someone who has an active outbreak of symptoms. In some cases, it is also possible for people to transmit HSV-1 during sexual activity.

Transmission of HSV-2 almost always Trusted Source takes place during sexual contact. This includes any contact with the skin, sores, saliva, or bodily fluids of someone with HSV-2, and it can occur during vaginal, oral, or anal sex.

· DIAGNOSIS:

It is usually possible for doctors to diagnose HSV by carrying out a physical examination of symptoms during an outbreak. The sores are easy to identify as a sign of HSV infection.

A doctor will also ask questions about the symptoms. If they suspect HSV-2, they may ask about a person’s sexual health history.

It is also possible that they will take a sample from a sore. Alternatively, if the individual does not have symptoms, the doctor can use a blood test to detect the infection.

· TREATMENT:

Although there is no cure for either type of HSV, symptoms are often not present, and treatment may not be necessary.

When symptoms do occur, they often resolve without treatment after several weeks.

Treatments are available to help control symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks. Some medications can also reduce the risk of transferring HSV to others.

Antiviral creams or ointments are available for the sores. These treatments should help relieve the itching, stinging, and discomfort.

Examples of antiviral medications include:

Acyclovir

Famciclovir

Valacyclovir

Risk factors:

HSV-1 transmits via skin-to-skin contact. Herpes gladiatorum typically passes between people participating in high-contact sports, such as wrestling, rugby, or basketball. For this reason, the condition is also known as mat herpes.

The virus can also transmit through:

Kissing, if one person has a cold sore

Sexual contact

Sharing item such as drinks, utensils, and cellphones

Also, periods of illness and stress can cause herpes flare-ups.

Complications:

HSV-1 commonly causes blisters, such as cold sores, to form on the skin. Bacteria may enter these blisters, causing a secondary infection. In this case, antibiotics may be necessary.

Without treatment, the bacterial infection may spread to other areas, such as the brain, eyes, liver, or lungs. If this occurs, it is a medical emergency, and the person needs urgent care.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

· Advantages:

1. HSV culture

2. Type-specific testing possible (special request required in some laboratories)

3. Ability to do antiviral resistance testing

4. Highly specific

HSV PCR:

Type-specific Rapid

Fully automated

Highly sensitive and specific

Stable in transport

Allows quantification of virus

Can be used to diagnose infections of the CNS

Type-specific HSV serology

Type-specific

Active lesions or shedding not required at time of diagnosis

Good diagnostic tool for mild or unrecognized infection

Sensitive and specific

Able to detect co-infection with HSV-1 and -2

Disadvantages:

· Unstable in transport

· Requires fresh lesions or high levels of viral shedding

· Poor sensitivity

· Results can often take up to 2 weeks

· Currently unable to do antiviral sensitivity testing by PCR

· If negative, infection may still be present Requires active lesions or shedding

· Requires sophisticated equipment

· Does not confirm that clinical symptoms are due to viral infection, until other possible causes are Excluded

HSV CELL CYCLE:

Figure 2 : HSV CELL cycle

CONCLUSION:

Genital herpes is an important public health disease that can cause substantial morbidity If it is undiagnosed and untreated. Clinicians should suspect HSV infection in all patients Presenting with ulcers in the genital area. Genital HSV infection increases the risk of HIV Infection and people with both infections are more likely to transmit HIV to their sexual partners. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host Factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life Cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I acknowledge Mr. Rahul D. Khaire PRES college of pharmacy (for women) chincholi Nashik and also my parents for their support and motivation.

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Received on 24.11.2022 Accepted on 05.08.2023

Int. J. Tech. 2023; 13(1):45-49.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-3915.2023.00005